CHS 211 synthesis matrix 1-5

Synthesis Matrix/Critical Appraisal

Author/Date	Aim of Study	Type of literature + type of method	Result /Conclusion	Strengths + limitations	Thematic codings -	Setting/ Context
Scott A. Bonn	To prove that prescription drugs are as dangerous as street drugs.	Grounded Theory	Many have overdosed from prescription drugs and people need to be better educated about them, as well as they need to be harder to get	This is about the everyday person that tries to get pain meds. This shows that going to the pharmacy and picking up a prescription is much too easy and doesn’t require much proof that you actually have problem. A strength is that it shows how many people die from prescription drugs but it doesn’t compare that number to the illegal drugs side.	This article fits in a large category of articles that will not only look at prescription drugs but look at them in comparison to street drugs in how dangerous they are.	This article focuses on the overdose number of people involved in this wave of prescription drugs use. It does not compare different groups of people however or where this research took place.
R. Kathryn McHugh, Ph.D. Suzanne Nielsen, B.Pharm, Ph.D. ,  Roger D. Weiss, M.D. Jan. 2015	To highlight treatment for prescription drug abuse	RCT Effective	The result is that more research needs to go into the treatment of prescription drug abuse once its already begun.	Strengths of this article are the why’s of people either needing prescription medication more than they should and why they process in how they use these drugs, such as does, not knowing the risks or not knowing other better alternatives. However the limitation is that it does not apply or explain these alternatives.	This study is one that takes the random numbers or others research to bring it together to form evidence.	This research shows that in the years since the 1990’s prescription drug abuse has skyrocketed In the U.S. and since then has only gotten worse.
1.       James E. Lessenger, MD and  2.       Steven D. Feinberg, MD, MPH Jan-Feb 2008	The goal of this article is to inform the reader of the different categories of prescription drugs as well as their effects.	Case Control/Cohort	The goal of this study is to find and give the better treatment options amongst prescription drug abusers	The strength of this is that it goes over the different types and categories of common prescription abused drugs. It also gives good treatment options for all of these drugs. It digs well into the numbers however it doesn’t cover much of the actual long term risks or give reasons why these drugs don’t have to be used in the first place, only what to do if someone happens to get addicted to them.	This fits into a category of finding the numbers of abusers and overdoses as well as the categories and treatments. It is purely informative Through a study.	This collects data from the national drug abuse and prescribed OTC Medicines. And then does a further study based on the population.
Rachael Rettner June 21, 2012	The goal of this study is to show that if doctors used databases called prescription drug monitoring programs that the prescription drug abuse in the U.S. would get much better.	Policy	The result is that some states have required these databases but that those who haven’t still have a higher number of unnecessary drugs being prescribed.	The strengths is that this shows a much different solution than other studies. It also shows that in the same period that prescription drug abuse rose highly, so did the number of opioid painkillers being prescribed. It’s weakness is that it shows no way that we should go about getting these databases to track these prescription drugs required in all other states.	This is an approach that tries to involve new laws and requirements out of health care providers. This is starting at the source.	This is showing a time frame in which as drug abuse in America got worse so did the number of opioids being prescribed. The setting is in the laws being passed a well as action being taken by health care providers.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables 2015	The goal of this is to provide the information needed to safely take these prescription drugs under certain situations	Research	The result is that there are always options when it comes to drug abuse but other actions should always be made to pursue a drug free life.	The Strengths of this is that is speaks right to the patients in how they can go about taking these drugs without getting addicted and to what extents these drugs are meant to be taken. The limitations are that it doesn’t focus on anything before the drugs even reach the patients.	This study is one of many ive come across that studies how to find better ways to treat the root issue you are taking drugs for without abusing it.	This study goes over a few examples of situations in which drugs may not be okay even when taken normally correctly, including pregnancy, ADHD and other conditions.

Research journal 3

National Abuse - https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/misuse-prescription-drugs/summary Theory It relates to my research question due to the fact that it covers why prescription drugs can be dangerous and it what cases this is so. As well as it what cases they are safe or worth using despite the risks. This could be used in my literature review to summarize the reasons why prescription drugs are still legal and shouldn't be as banned as most people think. I found it interesting the differences in prescription drug use when applied to a pregnant woman when compared to someone else and how the drugs that should be used differ. http://www.rehabs.com/explore/prescription-drug-abuse-statistics/ Case Control This is relevant because it is more on the other side when compared to my previous source in that it shows without a doubt why these type prescription drugs are very deadly and not worth being taken. This could be used in my literature review to stare all the numbers and statistics as far as death and misuse of prescription drugs goes. I found it very interesting to discover that 90% of prescription drug addiction starts in someones teenage years. http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/prescription-drugs.html phenomenology This is used in the video to show a persons side effects as well as final outcome from using prescription drugs I could use this in my literature review to show the more mild side effects that it has on a person brain as well as personality. I found it interesting that most of these teenagers don't intend on taking these drugs recreationally at first or at all, but it happens after being prescribed it because they don't know better. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-over-counter-medications Practice This is used to show not only the brain damaging effects of prescription drugs but mainly focuses on the amounts often taken being more than is intended which causes the dangerous effects. I could use this in my literature review to justify why prescription drugs are still needed although when used wrong are still deadly. I found it interesting that this claims that adderall has no cognitive increases in ability when used by someone that isn't already impaired in this area. https://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/prescription-drugs Policy This is relevant in that it could it categorizes each drug as well as it's effects. This could be used in my literature review to help show which drugs belong to which category to help recognize the ones that are supposedly safe but being that they are in the same category as other dangerous ones, should still b used with caution. I found it interesting to read about some of these street names for prescription drugs that i had heard before but didn't realize what drug it was. I can't get my Audio to work

In Class Work 1

Prescription drugs are more deadly than street drugs: 1.Use an APA generator 2.Grouded theory 3. This method makes use of other studies and their results all brought together to make an assumption on the fact that with the number of overdoses and users of prescription drugs makes prescription drugs more dangerous than street drugs. 4. The conclusion is that there are way more prescription drug users of drugs that are considered addictive and dangerous than street drugs. 5. I found it interesting that the journal explained that celebrities often use prescription drugs to get high so they don't have to deal with the spotlight deeming them an illegal drug addict. Prescription drug abuse: From Epidemiology to public policy: 1.Use an APA generator 2.RCT Effective 3. The Author uses this method to Determine the amount of people currently suffering from prescription drug abuse and how many people are seeking help. This method is used because it is more of the numbers and facts that they are trying to get across rather than a theory. 4. The conclusion was that more studies need to be done to determine the close links between certain prescription drugs and illegal drugs. Also more research needs to be done about how they affect you and what other methods could be replacements. 5. I found it interesting that it was found that certain combinations of prescription drugs can make them much more dangerous especially on ones cardiac health. Abuse of prescription and over-the-counter medications: 1. Use an APA generator 2. Case Control/Cohort 3. The author uses this research methods by comparing which treatment method helps and which one doesn't, as well as the other effects these treatments have. This is used so that we can further know how to go about treating prescription drug addicts. 4 The conclusion wasn't included in this, that's why this is a cohort study as well. 5. I don't know if i would consider it interesting, but i found that some methods given were very vague. Ex: Treating pain appropriately and aggressively. Prescription Drug Problem Sparks Debate Over Solutions: 1. Use APA generator 2. Policy 3. This used used by stating that it should be law that all doctors use prescription drug monitoring databases so that a patients drug abuse can be tracked and linked easier to specific drugs. This would help identify certain drugs as fact to be bad and addictive so that it can be made illegal. 4. The conclusion was that 37 states have these prescription drug monitoring databases however doctors are not required to use them. It also concludes that doctors should help educate patients more that these drugs are dangerous and addictive instead of just prescribing. 5. I found it shocking that the number of accidental opioid overdose from 1999 to 2007 in the U.S. has increased from 3000 to 12000.

research journal 2

What is your topic? Or what are your key words thus far? Presription drugs Abuse Overdose Doctors What is your research question? Have you decided to change it at all? And, if you have, how do I know that the way in which this question is formulated is appropriate to conduct a literature review with a systematic approach? Are prescription drugs as dangerous as illicit illegal drugs? Why? What is the main reason that these drugs are legal, and the other drugs aren't? And what are the definitions on which it depends? Prescription drugs: Drugs that a doctor gives permission to get and use. Drug abuse: Using a drug in a way that is more than it is meant to be used if it is even meant to be used at all. Overdose: Dying from the excessive use of a drug. Doctors: Health care providers that have the power to determine what drugs should and can be used for the patients condition. What is your hierarchy of evidence? And how do I know you going about finding the most appropriate evidence/method for your research question? I am going through multiple research methods and linking them to the articles and theories ive found. How do I know that the remit of the method itself is selecting the research, rather than just you on a whim? + 1 thing you found interesting + how you imagine using the source Im choosing one credible article to base my research around for now so that i dont have too many conflicting topics and then im using other sources to reinforce it. i found it interesting that not in all cases are treatment outcomes superior compared to illicit drug use disorders.

Research Journal 1

What was the process by which you narrowed down potential topics to two appropriate ones? And how were these decisions made on the basis of either class discussion, or our required, course textbook (Aveyard 2014), or both? I had the decision to make choose the topic based on either information i already know or information I want to know. It would have been easier for me to choose a topic based on what I already know to do with weight control and nutrition, but i decided to go with prescription drug addiction and overdose because it is something I find interesting that i came across in looking through the American Journal of Public Health. What research question did you choose, and how are I can be sure you're making a reasoned, academic judgement on the basis of chapters 1-3 (Aveyard 2014)? Are prescription drugs as dangerous as illicit illegal drugs? Why? What is the reason that these drugs are legal and prescription and the other drugs aren't? What article (or articles) are you basing this question on, and what type of article is it (research, theory, policy, practice) (citation[s] in APA, please)? http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/abuse-of-prescription-drugs#1 James and - http://www.jabfm.org/content/21/1/45.abstract https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wicked-deeds/201404/prescription-drugs-are-more-deadly-street-drugs

Choosing a topic

Public Heatlth: Prescription Drug Abuse; Epidemiology to Public Policy My topic is going to have to do with prescription drugs abuse and overdose. This Article highlights the reasons why prescription drug abuse has reached an epidemic level. It also highlights the comparisons with illicit drug abuse, as well as the treatments. References McHugh, R. K., Nielsen, S., & Weiss, R. D. (2015). Prescription drug abuse: from epidemiology to public policy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 48(1), 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.08.004